Electrical distribution system



April 1943. J. s. PARSONS 2,317,552

ELECTRICAL- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Filed June 28, 1940 7 Sheets-Sheet 1 I h 3 /2? 3 5 /25 iii u i2;

WITNESSES: INVENTOR 4Z4.- John .STPansorzs.

April 27, 1943. J. s. PARSONS 1 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed June 28, 1940 INVENTOR Ja/m ,5. Parsons. Wm

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P 1943- J. s. PARSONS ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Filed June 28, 1940 '7 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR WITNESSES:

-J0/Z/2 J Pamorzs.

f' 1943- J. s. PARSONS 2,317,552

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM F iled June 28, 1940 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 Q Q 2Q WITNESSES: H" INVENTOR I Ja/m Spa/"$0175.

el M I ATTOR Y Ap 1943- J. 5. PARSONS 2,317,552

ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Filed June 28, 1940 '7 Sheets-Sheet 5 WITNESSES: INVENTOR JO]??? 5 P07190775.

' I BY I April 27, 1943. .1. s. PARSONS ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Filed June 28, 1940 'r Sheets-Sheet v J6 Wt WITNESSES:

- iNVENTOR John 5 Parsons.

7 ATTO EY I Patented Apr. 27, 1943 ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM John S. Parsons, Swissvale, Pa., assignor to Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company, East Pittsburgh, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Application June 28, 1940, Serial N 0. 342,938

- 78 Claims.

This invention relates toelectrical distribution systems and it has particular relation to network distribution systems of the type wherein a plurality of primary feeder circuits are employed for supplying energy to a common secondary network or grid circuit.

.One of the major problems confronting the electrical industry is that of satisfactorily distributing alternating current to consumers in urban and medium density areas. Such distribution must not only provide reliable and continuous service, but the cost of the distribution system must justify its installation.

For more than ten years the most reliable alternating current distribution system for heavy density or urban areas has been that known as the Palmer system. In this system a plurality of high voltage primary feeder circuits are employed for supplying energy to a common lowvoltage secondary network or grid circuit. Each of the feeder circuits is connected to the common network circuit through a plurality of network transformers and network protectors. Each of the protectors includes a directional relay for controlling the operation of the network protector. When a fault occurs on the network circuit, the flow of current to the fault does not actuate the directional relays and the fault is burned clear. The amount of energy available from the feeder circuits is so large that generally no diillculty is encountered in burning clear faults occurring on the network circuit.

When a fault occurs on a feeder circuit, the flow of current through'the directional relays associated with the feeder circuit actuates the relays and trips the network protectors to disconnect the faulted feeder circuit from the network circuit. The sound feeder circuits continue to supply energy to the network circuit and substantially no impairment of service results from a fault occurring on any feeder circuit.

Although the Palmer type network distribution system provides service of excellent reliability and continuity, its cost so far has justified its adoption only in areas having a heavy density of energy consumption such as the metropolitan areas.

At present a large proportion of electrical energy is supplied to medium density areas through radial systems. Such systems are relatively low in cost but are unsatisfactory because of the relative unreliability of the service which they'ofier. For example, a failure of a single feederin a radial system results in an inconuniformly among the venient outage for the entire distribution circuit supplied by the feeder.

Somewhat improved service at low cost may be provided by banking transformers associated with a radial feeder. By placing the secondaries of the transformers in parallel a distribution circuit may be supplied therefrom with good voltage regulation, but the continuity of service for such a system is substantially no better than that obtained from the conventional radial system.

A second alternative is provided in a system describedin Patents 1,979,353, 1,979,703, and.

2,023,096, which are assigned to the Westinghouse Electric 8; Manufacturing Company. In thissystem the network protectors of the conventional Palmer system are replaced by low cost sectionalizing switches which open only when the systemis deenergized. To this end, when a fault occurs on a feeder circuit the feeder circuit breakers open to deenergize completely the entire system. After the feeder circuit breakers open, the sectionalizing switches associated with the faulted feeder circuit also open. When the feeder circuit breakers reclose, only those sectionalizing switches associated with the sound feeders are closed.

Such a system may be installed at a, relatively low cost. However, although the outages from such a system are of shorter duration than those encountered in a radial'system of distribution, they affect a larger number of customers and occur more frequently for the reason that a fault on any feeder results in a short outage for the entire system. A second disadvantage of, this system is that the feeders cannot be relied upon to supply radial loads or conventional network circuits connected in parallel with the simplified network shown in the aforesaid patents. These factors substantially restrict the field of application for this system.

In accordance with this invention, the conventional common network circuit or grid' is replaced by a plurality of substantially independent secondary loop circuits. A plurality of primary feeder circuits are employed for supplying electrical energy through a plurality of network transformers to each of the loop circuits. The connections between the feeder circuits and each of the loop circuits are so disposed that when any feeder circuit is removed from service the load on the loop circuit is distributed substantially transformers associated with the remaining feeder circuits. By providing independent loop circuits, it is possible to isolate any loop without removing other loop circuits from service. Moreover, in starting operation on a dead or deenergized distribution system, it is possible to add loop circuits to the system successively as the conditions of the system permit.

A further aspect of this invention comprises the replacement of the Palmer-type network protector by inexpensive, rugged switches. Each of the network transformers is connected to its associated loop through a network switch which is designed to open only when substantially no current or little current flows therethrough. Between each pair of network transformer a sectionalizing switch is placed in the loop circuit. The sectionalizing switches open in advance of the network switch when a fault occurs on a feeder circuit associated therewith. Since the feeder circuit breaker also opens, the network switch is completely deenergized before it opens. As the network switch does not open a circuit carrying substantial current, its design may be appreciably simplified, and the network switch may, if desired,.be placed in the casing of its network transformer. Moreover, due to the usual location of each sectionalizing switch midway between two adjacent transformers, the fact that the load is tapped off along the secondary loop circuit, and the fact that the'transformer currents flow two ways from the transformers in the secondary loop circuit, each sectionalizing switch requires a current capacity of only to 75% of the current rating of the largest adjacent transformer.

If a switching system designed in accordance with this invention were applied to a conventional network circuit, one network switch and about one and one-half sectionalizing switches would be required for each network transformer.

'However, with the loop system, only'one network switch and one sectionalizing switch are required for each network transformer. As above indicated, the design and relaying of these switches may be appreciably simpler than those provided in the conventional network protector.

It is therefore, an object of this invention to provide a simple network distribution system.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a network distribution system having substantially independent secondary loop circuits.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a network distribution circuit energized through a plurality of network transformers and feeder circuits wherein on failure of any feeder circuit the load on the network circuit divides uniformly among the network transformers associated with the remaining feeder circuits.

It is another object of this invention to provide a network distribution system supplied by a plurality of feeder circuits through network switches wherein each of said feeder circuits is independently deenergized prior to an opening of the associated network switch.

It is a further object of this invention to profrom the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a single line diagrammatic view of a network distribution system;

Fig. 2 is a single line diagrammatic view of a network distribution system embodying this invention;

Fig. 3 is a single line diagrammatic view of a. network distribution system embodying a modified form of this invention;

Figs. 4, 5, 6 and 7 are single line diagrammatic views of units of a distribution circuit unit embodying this invention;

' Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic view of a network switch embodying this invention;

Fig. 9 is a diagrammatic view of a modified network switch embodying this invention;

Fig. 10 is a diagrammatic view of a sectionalizing switch embodying this invention;

Figs. 11 and 12 are single line diagrammatic views of modified network circuit units embodying this invention;

Fig. 13 is a diagrammatic view of a two-winding reactor suitable for the network circuit unit of Fig. 11;

Fig. 14 is a diagrammatic view showing in greater detail connections suitable for the unit illustrated in Fig. 11;

Figs. 15 and 16 are single-line diagrammaticviews showing modified distribution circuit units embodying this invention; and

Fig. 17 is a single line diagrammatic view of a modified network distribution system embodying the invention.

Referring to the drawings, Fig. 1 represents a conventional Palmer-type network distribution system. In this particular system, three feeder circuits l, 2 and 3, are shown for supplying electrical energy from one or more sources here represented by a bus 4 to a common network circuit or grid 5 (shown indotted lines). Each of the feeder circuits is provided with a feeder circuit breaker la, 20. and 3a for controlling the connection to and disconnection from the bus 4 of the feeder circuits. The feeder circuits also are connected-through network transformers lb, 2b and 3b which, if desired, may be of the high reactance network type, and through network, protectors 8 to the network circuit 5. In order to keep down the spare transformer capacity required, it is the practice to interlace the feeder? circuits as thoroughly as possible as illustrated in Fig. 1. It should be noted further that the entire network circuit 5 is rigidly connected together.

When a fault occurs on the network circuit 5, the fault is burned clear with no operation of the network protectors 6. Under these conditions the reactances of the network transformers prevent excessive feeder circuit currents from flowing.

If a fault occurs on one of the feeder circuits such as the feeder circuit I, the directional relays of the network protectors 6 associated with all of the network transformers lb operate to disconnect the feeder circuit i from the network circuit 5. In addition, the feeder circuit breaker la opens to disconnect completely the feeder circuit i from both the bus 4 and the network circuit 5. Energy for the network circuit then is supplied over the remaining, feeder circuits 2 and 3. A more complete descriptionof the network protectors and the operation of the system illustrated in Fig. 1 may be found by reference to my Patents Nos. 1,978,097, 1,997,597 and 2,013,836,

which illustrate typical network relays and their operation.

As above explained, a system similar to that illustrated in Fig. 1 is excellent from the standpoint of reliability and service continuity. Its principal drawback is that of cost.

In Fig. 2 a network distribution system is illustrated which departs somewhat from the conventional Palmer system. In Fig. 2 the feeder circuits l, 2 and 3 are connected through their associated network transformers lb, 2b and 3b to a plurality of substantially independent low-voltage lcop circuits 1, 8 and 9. These loop circuits may be of the same dimensions or of different dimensions as illustrated by the short loop circuit 9 of Fig. 2. The various network transformers may be connected to the loops through network protectors 6 which may be of the conventional Palmer-type illustrated in my aforesaid patents. It will be understood that consumers of electrical energy are supplied with service from the various loop circuits.

To assure a uniform distribution of load among the various network transformers under different conditions, the network transformers are preferably connected to each loop circuit in an orderly group sequence as illustrated in Fig. 2. Moreover, in each loop circuit the impedance of the loop circuit between any pair of adjacent network transformers preferably is substantially equal to that of the loop circuit between any other pair of adjacent network transformers. This result may be obtained by proper spacing of the network transformers or by including impedances or reactors, if necessary, adjacentcertain of the network transformers.

With the system illustrated in Fig. 2, if any of the feeder circuits such as the feeder circuit la is removed from service, the loads on the loop circuits will be divided evenly among the network transformers associated with the remaining feeder circuits.

Although the conventional network protectors such as those illustrated in my aforesaid "patents provide ideal operation of the loop system illustrated in Fig. 2, such protectors are designed to open circuits carrying substantial current and their design is somewhat complicated and expensive. In order to simplify and reduce the cost of the network system, I have developed a completely new switching sequence which is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 3.

Referring to Fig. 3, a plurality of loop circuits I1, I 8 and i9, which correspond to the loop circuits I, 8 and 9 of Fig. 2, are energized from the three feeder circuits l, 2 and 3 through the network transformers lb, 2b and 3b. However, in place of the network protector 6 of Fig. 2, I provide a transformer switch or network switch In which is designed to open a circuit carrying substantially no current, or current not appreciably larger than rated load current.

Before actuation of the network switch It] to its open condition, the network switch I is first isolated from any source of current. For this purpose each network switch I0 is separated from adjacent network switches by means of sectionalizing switches ll. When a fault occurs on any feeder circuit such as the feeder circuit transformers lb and the network switches Ill associated therewith. The network switches ID are responsive to the deenergized condition of the associated network transformers lb and open with substantially no current, or little current, flowing therethrough.

Preferably the sectionalizing switches ll close automatically after a time delay to restore the loop circuits to their original condition for energization from the sound feeder circuits 2 and 3. Under this condition of energization the load on the loop circuits is divided evenly among the network transformers 2b and 3b.

If a fault occurs on a loop circuit, it is desirable that the fault burn clear without necessitating the tripping of any network switch or sectionalizing switch. Since most faults occurring on a network circuit or loop circuit clear in approximately one or two seconds, by providing the sectionalizing switches II with a suitable time delay, faults occurring on the loop circuits are permitted to burn clear.

In Figs. 2 and 3, certain circuits are illustrated by diagonal lines. This illustration is for the purpose of facilitating the tracing of circuits and has no other significance.

Should an internal fault occur on one of the network transformers, sufficient current to actuate the sectionalizing switches may now flow. To provide satisfactory performance under these conditions, it may be desirable to provide fuses for the terminals of the network transformers for blowing out when currents substantially larger than rated load currents pass therethrough for disconnecting the faulted network transformers after a predetermined time delay. The

I time delay should be sufficient to permit the various switches to respond first to currents flowing to feeder circuit faults.

Preferably, the system is constructed from a plurality of substantially similar units. For example. in Fig. 4 a typical unit 20 is disclosed for energization from two of the feeder circuits l and 2. The loop circuits are intended generally for operation in towns. Consequently, each loop circuit will have a width generally equal to the length of a town block and will have a length which is usually some multiple of the width of the loop circuit. In Fig. 4 the unit illustrated provides a loop circuit substantially one block square. This unit is desirable for applications in which consumers are supplied from each street surrounding a block. Under these circumstances, as many umts such as 20 as desired may be energized from the feeder circuits l and 2 in the manner illustrated in Fig. 4.

In many applications it may be sufficient to provide service on every street running in one direction and every other street running at right angles thereto. For such an application,

units similar to a loop circuit unit 2|, illustrated in Fig. 5, which are twice the length of the basic units illustrated in Fig. 4, may be utilized. 1

In Fig. 6 a loop circuit 22 is illustrated for energization from the two feeder circuits 1 and 2.

This loop circuit 22 is five times the length of the basic units illustrated in Fig. 4. Consequently such a loop circuit provides service on adjacent streets running in one direction and on streets five blocks apart running at right angles thereto. In a similar manner, units may be designed to provide any desired service.

When one of the primary feeder circuits and its associated transformers are disconnected from a loop circuit, it is desirable that the loop circuit load divide uniformly among the transformers remaining in service. To this end the voltage drop from each serviceable feeder circuit to the normal connection points to the loop circuit of the disconnected transformers preferably should be substantially uniform.

In order to assure an even distribution of load in the systems thus far described, regardless of the number of feeder circuits in operation, it is desirable that the impedance between adjacent network transformers be substantially equal throughout the loop .circuit and that the net-' work transformers for the various feeder circuits be connected to the loop circuit in rotation. This equality of impedance may be obtained by proper spacing of the network transformers, or may be obtained by proper application of impedances or reactors adjacent certain of the network transformers for bringing the impedances therebetween to the proper value. When these precautions are observed the failure of any feeder circuit will cause the load on a loop circuit to divide evenly among the remaining effective network transformers.

Probably the most common network system will employ three feeder circuits. A basic loop circuit unit 23 is illustrated in Fig. '7 for energization from the three feeder circuits l, 2 and 3. It will be noted that this basic unit is approximately one block wide and two blocks long. Consequently, such a unit will provide service on each street running in one direction and on every other street running at right angles thereto. If it is desired to provide service on every-street the mid-points z and y of the basic unit 23 may be connected by a tie circuit 23. This tie circuit will not affect appreciably the distribution of load among the operative network transformers when one of the feeder circuits is out of service. It will, however, increase the fault current when the fault. occurs in certain parts of the loop circuit. As a rule, it is believed desirable to omit the tie circuit 2 and to serve the intermediate street radially from the points z and y or to provide a fuse 24) in the tie circuit 24 at or near its mid-point so that it will open quickly on any fault. As above indicated, the impedance between any pair of adjacent network transformers in Fig. 7 should be maintained substantially constant throughout the loop circuit.

Units similar to the unit 23 may provide loop circuits of different lengths. In general, the length of the loop circuit may be represented by the formula:

times the width of the loop circuit. In this formula :1: represents a number divisible by both 3 and 2. Loop circuits built up in the same manner as the basic unit of Fig. 7 are illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3.

The loop circuits illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3 may be either single-phase or polyphase. If single-phase, they may be energized from a singlephase source or from a polyphase source. For example, if single-phase loop circuits are connected for energization from a three-phase source, one-third of the loop circuits would be connected for energization from each phase of the three-phase source. In such a system, by employing single-phase feeder circuit breakers, a failure of any phase will not impair service on the remaining operative phases.

Ifthe switching system illustrated in Figs. 3 to 7 were employed on a conventional network or grid circuit, it would follow that substantially one network switch l0 and one and one-half sectionalizing switches I I would be required for each network transformer. By adoption of the loop circuits illustrated in Figs. 2 to 7, this requirement is reduced to one network switch It! and one sectionalizing switch II for each network transformer.

Special switches have been developed for controlling properly the loop circuits of Figs. 3 to 7. For example, in Fig. 8 a suitable network switch I6 is illustrated. In this figure a network transformer lb, which may have fuses for its primary winding, is illustrated for supplying a three-wire, single-phase loop circuit. The network transformer lb is connected to a loop circuit through a network circuit breaker 25. Under normal operating conditions this circuit breaker is held in its closed position by means of-a latch 26 pivoted for rotation about a point 26a. Thi latch is biased away from its latching position against a stop 21 by means of a suitable biasing device such as a spring 28. The latch 26 is maintained in its latched position by means of two solenoids 29 and 30. One of these solenoids 30 is energized in accordance with the voltage across the secondary of the network transformer lb through a circuit which may be traced from one terminal of the transformer secondary through a conductor 3i, the front contacts of a pallet switch 32 carried by the circuit breaker 25, a conductor 33, the solenoid 30, a conductor 34, and a conductor 35 to a second terminal of the transformer secondary. The parts are so proportioned that with no current flowing in tlte secondary of the network transformer the latch 25 will trip when the voltage across the secondary of the network transformer falls below approximately 25 to 30%? of its normal value.

When a fault occurs on a loop circuit adjacent a network transformer, the voltage across the secondary of the transformer may drop below 25 to 30% of its normal value. Under such conditions the solenoid 30 would fail to hold the latch 25 in its closed position and the circuit breaker 25 would trip while carrying substantial current. Since it is desirable that, the circuit breaker 25 trip only when little or substantially no current fiows therethrough, the second solenoid 29 is energized from current transformers 36 and 37 in accordance with current flowing in the secondary of the network transformer. The solenoid 29 is so designed that with three to five times normal rated load current flowing through the secondary of the network transformer lb. and assuming zero voltage across the secondary of the network transformer, the solenoid 29 will hold the latch 26 in its closed position, and will permit tripping only for a lower current value. With this arrangement the circuit breaker 25 trips only when it is in a substantially deenerglzed condition, and it trips without appreciable time delay.

For maximum economy the network switches lll may be provided only with manual reclosing mechanism. This means thatwhenever a network switch lll trips a serviceman must manually reclose it after repairing any fault occurring 0 the feeder circuit associated therewith.

Automatic reclosure of the network switches may be provided and generally is preferred. As illustrated in Fig. 8, a circuit breaker 25 i provided with a closing solenoid or motor 38. This closing solenoid is energized from the secondary of the network transformer through a circuit which may be traced from theconductor 3| through the back contacts of a pallet switch 39, a conductor 40, the closing solenoid 38, a conductor 4|, front contacts of a timing relay 42, a conductor 43 and the conductor 35.

.The purpose of the timing relay is to prevent reclosure of the network switch l during those periods when the feeder circuit breaker associated with the feeder circuit I is closed on a reclosing cycle. On a typical reclosing cycle a feeder breaker may be reclosed first instantaneously, second, after a ten second delay, and third, after a fifteen second delay followed by a, lookout of the circuit breaker if the fault on the feeder circuit does not clear during a portion of the reclosing cycle. With such a setting of the feeder circuit breaker, the timing relay 42 should completely reset in somewhat less than ten seconds, for example, in about eight seconds. To this end the timing relay 42 may interpose a time delay of three to six seconds in the closing of the network switch 25 and may reset for a subsequent operation in approximately eight seconds or less.

With such a timing of the relay 42, the full delay of three to six seconds, to prevent reclosing while the feeder breaker is closed during its reclosing cycle, is available at the beginning of each reclosure of the feeder circuit breaker and the network switch 25 will not close unless the feeder circuit breaker closes and remains closed.

The timing relay 42 is energized in accordance with the voltage across the secondary of the network transformer lb. It in adjusted to close in response to voltages above, approximately 90% of the normal voltage. The timing relay 42 may be provided with a closing solenoid 44 connected directly across the secondary of the network transformer. Such a connection will not prevent the circuit breaker 25 from closing when the polarity across the terminals of the circuit breaker 25 is incorrect. In many applications a phasing control for the network switch It! is not justlfied and in those applications the solenoid 44 may be connected as above indicated, directly across the secondary of the network transformer lb.

For those installations in which a phasing control is desired, a pair of phasing relays 45 and '46 are connected across the terminals of the circuit breaker 25. The energizing circuit for the phasing relay 45 may be traced from the conductor 35 through the conductor 43, the phasing relay 45 and the conductor 41 to the opposite side or loop-circuit side of the circuit breaker 25. The connections for the phasing relay 46 may be traced from the conductor 3| through the phasing relay 46, a conductor 48 and a conductor 49 to the opposite or loop-circuit side of the circuit breaker 25. The back contacts of both of the phasing relays 45 and 46 are included in the closing circuit for the timing relay 42. This closing circuit may be traced from the conductor 35 through the solenoid 44 of the timing relay, the back contacts of the phasing relays 45 and 46, the conductor 40, the pallet switch 39 and the conductor 3|. Consequently, if the polarity across either pair of terminals of the circuit breaker 25 is incorrect, one of the phasing relays 45 will remain open and will prevent energization of the timing relay 42. Under these circumstances the circuit breaker 25 will not reclose. The phasing relays 45 and 46 are adjusted to open their back contacts when a voltage in excess of a predetermined small value exists across either pair of terminals of the circuit breaker 25.

For the conditions in which a circuit breaker 25 *is to be closed on a dead network circuit or loop circuit, a separate relay 50 is provided for by-passing the phasing relays 45 and 46. The relay 50 establishes an energizing circuit for the timing relay 42 which may be traced from the conductor 35 through the coil of solenoid 44 of the timing relay, the conductor 5|, the back contacts of the relay 50, the conductor 40, the back contacts of the pallet switch 39 and the conductor 3|. When the network or loop circuit is deenergized, the relay 50 closes its back contacts, thereby establishing an energizing circuit for the timing relay 42 and the circuit breaker consequently closes regardless of the condition of the phasing relays 45 and 46. The relay 50 is energized in accordance with the voltage present on the loop-circuit side of the circuit breaker 25.

Since the network switch I0 is not called on to break a current, it may be enclosed in the same tank T (partly outlined in broken lines) with the network transformer lb, and the circuit breaker 25 may be immersed in the liquid employed for insulating and cooling the network transformer.

In Fig. 9, I have illustrated a modified network switch IDa which is designed for a three-phase distribution system. In Fig. 9, a three-phase feeder circuit supplies a network circuit or loop circuit through a three-phase network transformer IB. A circuit breaker 25a is employed for the three-phase system which corresponds to the circuit breaker 25 of Fig. 8 and is controlled by the same latching mechanism illustrated in Fig. 8. In Fig. 9, however, the current solenoid 29 is energized from a single current transformer 52, and the voltage solenoid 30 is energized from one phase of the secondary 0f the network transformer |B. The energizing circuit for the voltage solenoid 36 may be traced from a conductor 53 through the voltage solenoid 30, front contacts of a pallet switch 32a carried by the circuit breaker, a conductor 54" and a conductor 55. The operation of the latching mechanism is similar to that described with reference to Fig. 8. In Fig. 9 the parts 25a, 32a, 38a and 39a correspond to the parts 25, 32, 38 and 39 of Fig. 8.

The circuit breaker 25a of Fig. 9 may be manually reclosed, but preferably, as illustrated, an automatic reclosing system isemployed. This reclosing system employs the timing relay 42 of Fig. 8, which is energized in Fig. 9 through a circuit which may be traced from the conductor 55 through the coil of solenoid 42 of the timing relay, the back contacts of a phasing relay 56, a conductor 51, the back contacts of the pallet switch 39a and a conductor 58. The timing relay 42 consequently is responsive to the voltage across one phase of the three-phase circuit and operates in the same manner discussed with reference to Fig. 8.

Although a phasing system need not be employed in Fig. 9, a phasing relay 56 is illustrated for completeness. This relay 56 is energized in accordance with the outputs of two positive phase-sequence voltage filters 59 and 60. The positive phase-sequence voltage filter 59 is connected on the transformer side of the circuit breaker 25a and is connected to provide an output proportional to the positive phase-sequence voltage of the feeder circuit. The positive phasesequence voltage filter 60 is connected on the network or loop circuit side of the circuit breaker 25a and is connected to have an output proportional to the positive phase sequence voltage of the network or loop circuit. The outputs of the voltage filters are connected so that the phasing relay B is energized by the difference of the output voltages of thetwo filters 59 and 60. If, during repairs of the feeder circuit I, two phase conductors are interchanged or all conductors are rotated, the outputs of the two positive phase sequence voltage filters are no longer substantially equal and in phase, and the phasing relay 56 opens its contacts to prevent closure of the circuit breaker a.

The construction of the positive phase-sequence voltage filters may be similar to that illustrated in the Lenehan Patent No. 1,936,797, which is assigned to the Westinghouse Electric 8.: Manufacturing Company. Each of thesevoltage filters comprises, in general, an autotransformer 6| having a 40% tap 61a, a resistor 62 and a reactor 63. The various elements of each filter are so related that the voltage drop across the resistor 62 is equal to the same percentage of the total voltage impressed on the resistor 62 and the reactor 63 in series as the ratio of the autotransformer 6|, but lags the total voltage impressed on the resistor and reactor by Assuming the phase rotation of the three-phase system to be in the order a, b, c, as indicated in Fig. 9, the outputs of the voltage filters will be proportional to the desired positive phase-se- I quence voltages.

tionalizing switch is located between two network transformers. Because of its location, the capacity of the sectionalizing switch need be only 50 to 75% of the capacity of the largest of the two adjacent network transformers. The sectionalizing switch is designed to trip for a flow of power in either direction therethrough. Moreover the sectionalizing switch is designed to reclose when a suitable voltage is present on either side of the switch. A suitable construction is illustrated in Fig. 10.

Referring to Fig. 10, the sectionalizing switch ll includes a circuit breaker for connecting two portions of the loop circuit H. The circuit breaker 64 is maintained in a closed position by means of a latch 65 which is pivoted for rotation about a point 66. The latch 65 is provided with two tripping legs 61 and 68 which are positioned in the paths of travel of two thermal elements 69 and 10. These thermal elements are designed to be heated by current fiowing in the conductors of the loop circuit [1. Although heat for the thermal elements may be provided in various manners, in the illustration current passing through the conductors of the loop circuit l1 passes directly through the, heaters of the thermal elements. As the thermal elements heat, they tend to move relative to fixed supports H and 12 into engagement with the tripping legs 61 and 68. The thermal elements may take various forms, but as illustrated they are bimetallic elements. In the specific illustration, the two conductors of the loop circuit I! in Fig. 10 are the main conductors of a three wire system. As above explained, the invention is applicable to various systems, such as two wire, multi-wire, single phase and polyphase systems.

Excessive current may flow through the heaters for the thermal elements either for an internal loop circuit fault or for an external feeder circuit fault. Ordinarily it is desirable that internal or loop circuit faults burn themselves clear. Most of these internalfaults will burn clear in one or two seconds. Consequently, the thermal elements 69 and T0 are provided with a time delay, preferably an inverse time delay, with a minimum operating time of two to two and onehalf seconds when maximum current flows to a fault occurring in the secondary or loop circuit H. This provides adequate time for clearance of the usual secondary or loop circuit fault. The thermal elements 69 and 10 may be adjusted to trip the circuit breaker 64 in response to currents in excess of 60 to 100% of the full load current of the larger of the two network transformers adjacent the sectionalizing switch I I. Preferably, each sectionalizing switch I! closes automatically.

For automatically closing the sectionalizing switch II, it is desirable that the circuit breaker 64 close when sufficient voltage is present on either side of the circuit breaker. To this end a transfer relay I3 is provided for energizing the closing circuit of the circuit breaker 64 from either side of the circuit breaker. In the form illustrated the transfer relay includes a solenoid M which is connected for energization in accordance with the voltage present on one side of the circuit breaker 6%. This transfer relay is adjusted to pick up and close its front contacts when energized by a voltage greater than 70 to of normal. It is designed to drop and engage its back contacts when the energizing voltage drops below 25 to 50% of normal. The front contacts are connected to the loop circuit H on one side of the circuit breaker 6A and the back contacts are connected to the loop circuit H on the opposite side of the circuit breaker 64. In the form illustrated, the transfer relay 73 is provided with a'movable contact member having two insulated contacts 15 and I6 for selectively engaging the front or back contacts of the relay. The movable contacts 15 and I6 are connected through suitable conductors TI and 18 to energize-the closing mechanism of the circuit breaker 64. It will be observed that if the voltage applied to the solenoid M is in excess of '70 to 75% of normal, the conductors TI and 18 are connected, respectively, to the conductors of the loop circuit H on the right of the circuit breaker 64. If the voltage applied to the solenoid '14 drops below 25 to 50% of normal, the conductors l1 and 18 are connected, respectively, to the conductors of the loop circuit on the left of the circuit breaker 64. Consequently, the closing circuit for the circuit breaker will be energized even though either portion of the loop circuit is deenergized.

Reclosure of the circuit breaker 64 is efiected through a closing motor or solenoid 19. The

closing circuit for the solenoid 19 may be traced from the movable contact 15 through the conductor 11, a conductor 80, contacts of a closing relay" 8|, a fuse 82, the solenoid 19, a pallet switch 83 carried by the circuit breaker and the conductor 18 which is connected to the second movable contact 16.

In order to provide adequate time for operation of the network switches I0, it is desirable that the circuit breaker 64 be closed only after the expiration of a suitable time delay such as four to six seconds. In the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 10, this time delay is provided by the thertwo and one-half seconds.

2,317,552 mal elements 69 and which have back con tacts 84 and 85. After an actuation of either of the thermal elements 69 and 18 into tripping condition, a delay of four to six seconds is required before the thermal elements reengage their back contacts 84 and 85. These back contacts are included in the closing circuit for the circuit breaker 64.

The energizing circuit for the closing relay 8| may be traced from the movable contact through the conductor 11, a conductor 86, the back contact 84, a conductor 81, the back contact 85, a conductor 88, the solenoid of the closing relay 8|, the pallet switch 83 and the conductor 18 back to the second movable contact 16. This closing relay 8| is adjusted to close its front contacts and seal itself closed, in response to a voltage above approximately 80 to 85% of normal. A

When the closing relay 8| actuates to close its front contacts, it establishes a closing circuit for the closing solenoid 19 as above described.

If a fault occurring on the secondary or loop circuit I! should persist for more than two or two and one-half seconds, the circuit breaker 64 closes and trips at intervals of approximately six to eight seconds. If it is desired to eliminate excessive operation or pumping of the circuit breaker 64 under these circumstances, a fuse 82 may be included in the closing circuit of the circuit breaker. This fuse may be so proportioned that it blows and opens the closing circuit after six to twelve immediately consecutive operations of the circuit breaker 64 in response to the cumulative intermittent energization thereof. This should provide ample opportunity for any usual secondary or loop circuit fault to burn itself clear.

From the foregoing discussion it is believed that the operation of a distribution system similar to that disclosed in Fig. 3 is apparent. Assuming that the system is in operation and ener'gized from all three feeder circuits, each of the loop circuits |8 and I9 will carry load in a manner analogous to that of the conventional secondary network circuit. If a fault occurs on any of the loop circuits, current will be supplied to thefault for a minimum period of two to two and one-half seconds. If the fault fails to burn itself clear within this period, the sectionalizing switches adjacent the fault trip. About four to six seconds later these sectionalizing switches reclose and remain closed for another two to If the fault again fails to burn itself clear, the sectionalizing switches again open and continue to pump slowly until the fault clears or for approximately six to twelve cycles at which time the fuses 82 associated with these sectionalizing switches blow to prevent further closure thereof. The sound portions of a loop circuit then continue to supply load to all but a small cent the fault.

If a network transformer directly connected to the faulted section of the loop circuit is provided with fuses having a long time delay, so that the sectionalizing switches will trip first on any fault, the fuses will blow if the fault fails to burn clear within the time provided by the fuse setting.

If a fault occurs on one of the feeder circuits such as the feeder circuit I, at the expiration of the two to two and one-half seconds minimum, the sectionalizing switches adjacent each of the network transformer switches |b open to disconnect the feeder circuit I from the remainder portion of a load adjaof the loop circuits. In addition the feeder circuit breaker a, which is provided with a conventional tripping control, opens to deenergize completely the feeder circuit the network transformers |b and the network switches ID. The network switches H), in response to this deenergization trip to disconnect the feeder circuit from the loop circuits.

breaker opens.

At the'expiration of four to six seconds the sectionalizing switches adjacent each of the network transformers |b reclose to restore the loop circuit to their original condition. The entire loop circuits then continue to supply load from the network transformers associated with th sound feeder circuits 2 and 3, the load being uniformly distributed among these network transformers.

Following its tripping, the feeder circuit breaker a promptly recloses. If the fault on the feeder circuit hascleared itself prior to the reclosure, the feeder circuit breaker remains closed. At the expiration of approximately three to six seconds the network switches associated with the network transformers |b reclose to restore full service to the loop circuits l1, l8 and I9.

If the fault on the feeder circuit fails to clear prior to the first reclosure of th feeder circuit breaker la, the feeder circuit breaker again trips prior to reclosure of the network switches III associated with the network transformers lb. After the expiration of ten seconds, the feeder circuit breaker la again closes. If the fault has cleared in the meantime, the network switches I0 associated with the network transformer lb will close at the expiration of three to six seconds to restore full service for the loop circuits. Assuming that the fault has not cleared, the feeder circuit breaker la again trips out and at the expiration of fifteen seconds the same cycle is repeated.

After three reclosures, if the fault persists, the

feeder circuit breaker la "is permanently-locked ciated network switches l0.

Although the system illustrated in Fig. 3 does not offera continuity of service fully equal to that of the system illustrated in Fig. 1, it is a great improvement over the radial system of distribution, it is extremely flexible, and is an economical system to install.

Referring to Fig. 1, it should be noted that each protector 6 may be replaced by a. network switch H). A sectionalizing switch II should be provided in the network secondary or grid between each pair of network switches. As before indicated, such a system, though operable, is not as suitable for certain applications as the system illustrated in Fig. 3.

If I desired, an artificial fault may be established for a feeder circuit by an opening of a feeder circuit breaker in order to ensure operation of all network switches associated with the feeder circuit whenever the feeder circuit breaker opens. This is represented in Fig. 8 by a pallet switch P carried by the feeder circuit breaker |a which closes its back contacts when the feeder circuit Such a closure establishes an artificial fault across the feeder circuit I through a suitable current limiting impedance Z.

When more than three feeder circuits are employed for supplying energy to a loop circuit, the connection therebetween take a different form. Referring to Fig. 11, a loop circuit unit 88 is energized from the three feeder circuits 2 and 3 and from a fourth feeder circuit 99 through the network transformers lb, 2b and 3b and network transformers 90b. Network switches l9 and sectionalizing switches l are employed in a manner analogous to that discussed with reference to the preceding figures.

Fig. 12 discloses an expansion of the unit 89 of Fig. 11 into an elongated loop circuit in a manner heretofore discussed.

It will be noted that the feeders are divided into groups. In the specific illustration th feeders are paired, each pair being connected to the loop circuit unit 89 at a single point. The connections for each pair of feeder circuits are effected through suitable reactors 9| having a contruction similar to that illustrated in Fig. 13.

cuits and 3 is connected to each of the windings fiow of current therethrough. An instantaneous direction of current flow for the two windings is illustrated in Fig. 13 by arrows. In order to provide for proper operation of the feeder circuit l when a fault occurs on the feeder circuit 3, or

vice versa, an auxiliary switch 91 is provided between the windings 99 and 95.

The purpose of the reactor 93 may be understood more readily by reference to Fig. 14. In Fig. 14 a pair ofnetwork transformers lb and 3b associated Withfeeder circuits .and 3 are illustrated, together with their network switches l9. Since these, two transformers are connected to a loop circuit at one point each will have approximately one-half the capacity of a single network transformer if it were possible to employ the single transformer at the same point. The two network transformers lb and 3b, together with the associated equipment, as a rule, would be placed in a single underground vault if an underground system is employed. Although the invention may be applied with various single-phase and polyphase connections, Fig. 14 represents network trans-formers for three-wire, single-phase service.

It will be noted in Fig. 14 that corresponding terminals 98 and 99 of the network transformers lb and 3b are connected, respectively, to the windings 94 and 95 of a single reactor 93. During normal operation with both feeder circuits in service the reactance offered to the flow of current by the reactor 93 is substantially zero. If a fault occurs on one of the feeder circuits such as the feeder circuit 3, current would flow from the network transformer lb to the feeder circuit 3 through the reactor 93. Since the magnetomotive forces produced by the windings 94 and 95, when energized by currents circulating from the transformer lb to the feeder circuit 3, are in the same direction, the reactor 93 offers substantial impedance to the flow of such circulating current.

With current flowing into a loop circuit from only one of the transformers lb or 3b, the impedcent points of connection of the conductors 96 (see Fig. 11). With such a value of impedance, the impedance offered by the reactor to circulating current is equal substantially to the impedance between the points of connection of the conductors 96. Moreover, with such an impedance, if one of the feeder circuits such as the feeder circuit 3 is out of service, the secondary or loop circuit; load is divided evenly among the network transformers associated with the remaining feeder circuits.

The purpose of the auxiliary switches 91 is to interrupt the flow of circulating current between the two feeder circuits l and 3 in the event that a fault occurs on one of the feeder circuits. To this end the switch 91 may be similar in construction to the sectionalizing switch ll heretofore described except that the switch 91 is provided with a longer time delay in opening, such as four seconds. This longer time delay will prevent unnecessary operation of the auxiliary switch 97 for certain faults occurring on the loop circuit which do not burn clear promptly or for faults occurring on a distant feeder circuit. With this construction, the switch 91 recloses when sufficient voltage is supplied thereto from either of the transformers lb or 3b, or from the loop circuit.

As illustrated in Fig. 14, however, the auxiliary switches 97 are tripped in response to the voltage across the two windings of the reactor 93 in series. As above explained, the impedance of fered by the two windings 99 and 95 to circulating current is substantially greater than the impedance offered by the windings under normal conditions of operation or under conditions in which only one of the feeder circuits or 3 is in operation. Consequently, the voltage at which the auxiliary switch 91 trips may be selected to have a value exceeding that present during operation of only one feeder circuit or normal operation of both feeder circuits in parallel. For the purpose of illustration, the auxiliary switch 91 is provided with a latching member I90 carried by a solenoid |0| which operates with time delay. When the voltage applied to the solenoid llll rises above a. predetermined value, the solenoid operates to unlatch the auxiliary switch 97. The reclosing mechanism for this switch may be similar to that disclosed for the. sectionalizing switch l.

The operation of the system illustrated in Figs. 11 and 14 may be set forth as followsi under normal conditions electrical energy is supplied from both of the feeder circuits l and 3, and the reactors 9| offer substantially no impedance to the flow of current therethroughi Should a fault occur on one of the feeder circuits l or 3, such as the feeder circuit current would flow to the fault from the secondary loop circuits associated therewith, and circulating current would flow from the feeder circuit 3 through the reactors 9| to the fault. As above explained, the reactors 9| offer substantial impedance to the flow of this circulating current. Also the reactance of the network transformers tends to restrict the circulating current.

After'a time delay of about two or two and onehalf seconds, the flow of current from the secondary loop circuits to the fault trips the'sectionalizing switches l l adjacent the points of connection 96 of the pairs of feeder circuits and 3 to the loop circuits. About the same time, the excessive voltagev across the reactors 9| produced by the circulating current trips the auxiliary switches 91. The network switches 0 associated with the feeder circuits I and 3 now are substantially disconnected from the secondary loop circuits.

The feeder circuit breaker I a associated with the feeder circuit I also trips as a result of the fault thereon. Consequently, the network switches III associated with the feeder circuit I are completely deenergized and trip, thereby removing the feeder circuit I from service.

After the expiration of a time delay of about 4 to 6 seconds, the open sectionalizing switches II close to restore the complete loop circuits for energization from the sound feeder circuits.

Voltage being applied to the transfer relays of the open switches 91, from the feeder circuit 3, these switches close at the expiration of their closing time delays, and the feeder circuit 3 supplies energy to the loop circuits. Because of the impedance offered by one of the reactor windings 95, and the substantially uniform impedance of the loop circuits between adjacent points of connection 96, all transformers associated with sound feeders uniformly divide the energy supplied to the loop circuits.

The feeder circuit breaker Ia and the network switches I associated with the feeder circuit I may cooperate for a reclosing cycle as discussed above for Figs. 1 to '7. When the feeder circuit I clears, and the circuit breaker Ia together with the open network switches reclose, the feeder circuit resumes its proper supply of energy to the loop circuits.

Although the foregoing discussion of the operation of the system illustrated in Figs. 11 and 14 is with particular reference to a fault occurring on the feeder circuit I, a somewhat similar operation results from a fault occurring on the feeder circuit 3. The sectionalizing switches adjacent the points of connection of the pairs of feeder circuits I and 3 operate as before to isolate these feeder circuits from the remaining feeder circuits, and to restore the loop circuits for operation from the sound feeder circuits.

Circulating currents flowing from the feeder circuit I to the fault on the feeder circuit 3 provide sufficient-voltages across the associated reactors SI for tripping the auxiliary switches 91 after the expiration of the required time delay. This is followed by the tripping of the network switches ID of the feeder circuit 3.

When the sectionalizing switches reclose, the feeder circuit I is in condition for supplying power to the loop circuits. Since the network switches of the feeder circuit III are open, reclosure of the auxiliary switches 91 has substantially no effect on the supply of power to the loop circuits. Such reclosure, however, conditions the system for energization from the feeder circuit 3 when the circuit is restored for service.

Some simplification of the system disclosed in Fig. 11 may be effected by eliminating those network switches II) which are in series with the auxiliary switch 91, and by moving the auxiliary switches 91 to the positions occupied by the eliminated network switches. In such a case the switches 91 may be designed similarly to switches I I except that they reclose only when the voltage on their transformer side is greater than about 80 to 85% of normal; that is, the transfer relay 13 of Fig. would not be required for the auxiliary switches 91 when these replace the series network switches I0. A system of this general type is illustrated in Fig. 16 and will be discussed further below.

In Fig. I have illustrated a secondary or loop circuit unit employing six primary feeder circuits which include the feeder circuits I, 2, 3 and 80 and two additional feeder circuits I02 and I03. These feeder circuits are paired in thesame manner illustrated in Figs. 11 to 14. However, the reactors 9| in Fig. 15 preferably have a reactance when current flows in only one of the two windings equal to about one-third that of the secondary or loop circuit mains between the points of connection thereto of the pairs of feeder circuits. With such a value of impedance the impedance offered by the reactors to circulating currents is approximately one and one-third times the impedance of the secondary or loop circuit mains between the points of connection of the conductors 95. Although other values of re actance could be employed, the value herein specified assures a substantially even distribution of load among the operative network transformers when one of the feeder circuits is out of service. The units shown in Fig. 15 generally will have a width equal to one city block and may have a length equal to times the width where x is any number evenly divisible by both 2 and 3.

Fig. 16 is substantially similar to Fig. 15, but in Fig. 16 the auxiliary switches 91 have been moved up to replace half of the network switches In. As above explained, when the auxiliary switch 9'! is employed as illustrated in Fig. 16, a transfer relay is not employed therefor. In Fig. 16, the auxiliary switch 91 recloses only when voltage is present on the transformer side thereof.

v with the loop circuits herein described, it is possible to connect in parallel to the loop circuits radial loads or additional loop or secondary network circuits for energization from the same feeder circuits.

Circuits such as those illustrated in Fig. 13 also have the advantage that in starting up a completely dead network distribution system, the network switches on all except one loop circuit may be blocked open and loop circuits may be added to the system as the system becomes able to supply the increased load.

Furthermore, any loop circuit may be serviced or modified without impairing service to the remaining loop circuits. This may be accomplished merely by blocking open the network switches associated with the loop circuit to be removed from service.

Fig. 17 illustrates a secondary network distribution circuit 5' of the solid grid type somewhat similar to that illustrated in Fig. 1. In Fig. 17, however, the network switches I0 and the sectionalizing switches II are employed in place of the Palmer type protectors 8 of Fig. 1., Fig. 17 also shows a modified system for energizing the feeder circuits. I 1

In the systems thus far described, the feeder circuits I, 2 and 3 are energized directly-from a bus 4 or from separate sources. If only a single radial main feeder circuit to is available, the feeder circuits I, 2 and 3 may be energized therefrom through suitable fuses If, 2! and 3f. The single radial main feeder circuit 4c is energized from the bus 4 through a main circuit breaker la. Preferably this circuit breaker is provided with a time delay in tripping which is longer than that of the fuses I), If and 3!. Consequently, if a fault occurs on one of the feeder circuits I, 2, or 3, the associated fuse opens before the circuit breaker to can trip. The remaining feeder circuits continue to supply energy to their secondary network.

Certain subject matter herein disclosed is disclosed and claimed in my copending applications Serial Nos. 342,939 and 342,940, filed concurrently herewith.

Although I have described my invention with reference to certain specific embodiments thereof, I do not desire the invention to be restricted except as required by the appended claims when interpreted in view of the prior art.

I claim as my invention: i

1. In an electrical distribution system a plurality of substantially independent secondary loop circuits, and a plurality of primary feeder circuits for supplying electrical energy to said secondary loop circuits, each of said primary feeder circuits being operatively connected to each of said loop circuits at a plurality of points, and said loop circuits being electrically connected to eggh other only through said primary feeder cirts.

2. In an electrical distribution system, a plurality of substantially independent, secondary loop circuits for distributing electrical energy at a predetermined voltage, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for supplying electrical energy to said secondary loop circuits at a voltage higher than said predetermined voltage, and a plurality of electrical transformers for operatively conmeeting said feeder circuits to said can circuits. each of said feeder circuits having a plurality of said electricaltransformers for each of said loop circuits, and said loop circuits being electrically connected to each other only through said electrical transformers and said feeder circuits.

3. In an electrical distribution system, a sec-.

ondary loop circuit for distributing electrical energy, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for supplying electrical energy to said loop circult, and a plurality of transformers for each of said feeder circuits for operatively connecting said feeder circuits to said loop circuit, the secondary windings of said transformers being connected only through said loop circuit, and said loop circuit being electrically connected to said feeder circuits for energization only through said network transformers.

4. In an electrical distribution system for supplying loads positioned adjacent city streets, 9. first loop circuit having legs extending along certain of said city streets, a second loop circuit independent of' said first loop circuit and having legs extending along certain of said city streets, a first group of transformers having secondary windings operatively connected only to said first loop circuit, a second group of transformers having secondary windings operatively connected only to said second loop circuit, a. plurality of feeder circuits, eachof said feeder circuits being operatively connected to the primary windings of a separate portion only of said first group of transformers and a separate portion only of said second group of transformers, and said loop circuits being electrically connected only through said feeder circuits.

5. In a distribution system, a secondary loop circuit, aplurality of groups of network transformers having their secondary windings operatively connected directly to said loopcircuit, said groups being spaced successively about said loop circuit, and a plurality of primary feeder circuits,

each of said primary feeder circuits being operatirely connected for energizing a corresponding separate one of the network transformers in each of said groups, and said loop circuit being electrically connected to said feeder circuits for energization only through said network transformers.

6. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary distribution loop circuit, a plurality of network transformers having secondary windings operatively connected directly to said loop circult, and a plurality of feeder circuits operatively connected to separate groups of said network transformers for supplying electrical energy therethrough to said loop circuit, said network transformers being so disposed relative to said feeder circuits and to said loop circuit that when one of said feeder circuits is inoperative the electrical energy supplied to said loop circuit is divided substantially uniformly among the network transformers associated with the remainder of, said feeder circuits, and said loop circuit being connected said feeder circuits for energization only through said network transformers.

'7. In electrical distribution system, a secondar network system comprising a plurality of substz .tially independent loop circuits, 8. plurality of groups of network transformers for each of said loop circuits, and a plurality of feeder circuits for supplying electrical energy through said network transformers to said loop circuits, each of said feeder circuits being operatively connected to a separate one of the network transformers in each of said groups, said net= work transformers being so disposed relative to said loop circuits and to said feeder circuits that when one of said feeder circuits is inoperative the electrical energy supplied to said loop circuits divides uniformly among the network transformers associated with the remainder of said feeder circuits, said loop circuits being electrically connected only through said feeder circuits.

8. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary distribution loop circuit, a plurality of network: transformers having secondary windings operatively connected directly to said loop circuit, and a plurality of feeder circuits operatively connected to separate groups of said network transondary network system comprising a plurality of substantially independent loop circuits, a. plurality of groups of network transformers for each of said loop circuits, and a plurality of feeder circuits for supplying electrical energy through said network transformers to said loop circuits, each of said feeder circuits being operatively connected to a separate one of the network transformers in each of said groups, said network transformers being so disposed relative to said loop circuits and to said feeder circuits that the impedance of the portion of said loop circuits between any pair of adjacent network transformers has substantially a common value, and said loop circuits being electrically connected only through said feeder circuits.

10. In a distribution system, a, secondary loop circuit, aplurality of groups of network transformers having their secondary windings operformers in each of said groups, the impedance of said loop circuit between any pair of adjacent network transformers having a substantially constant value, and said loop circuit being electrically connected to said'feeder circuits for energization only through said network transformers.

11. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary loop circuit, a plurality of network transformers for supplying energy to said loop circuit, said network transformers being operatively connected to said loop circuit at points substantially uniformly distributed about said loop circuit, and a plurality of feeder circuits for energizing said network transformers, each of said feeder circuits being connected to a group of said network transformers wherein adjacent network transformers of the group are separated by additional units of said network transformers equal in number to'one less than the number of said feeder circuits, said loop circuit being electrically connected to said feeder circuits for energization only through said network transformers.

12. In an electrical distribution system a secondary loop circuit, a plurality of network transformers for supplying energy to said loop circuit, said network transformers being operatively connected to saidloop circuit at points substantially uniformly distributed about said loop circuit, the impedance of said loop circuit between any pair of adjacent points having a substantially common value, and a plurality of feeder circuits for energizing said network transformers, each of said feeder circuits being connected to a group of said network transformers wherein adjacent network transformers of the group are separated by additional units of said network transformers equal in number to one less than the number of said feeder circuits, said loop circuit being electrically connected to said feeder circuits for energization only through said network transformers.

13. In an electrical distribution system, a plurality of substantially independent secondary loop circuits for distributing electrical energy at a predetermined voltage, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for supplying electrical energy to said secondary loop circuits at a voltage higher than said predetermined voltage, a plurality of electrical transformers for operatively connecting said feeder'circuits to said loop circuits, each cuits for energization only through said transformers, a plurality ofswitches for controlling the connection of said feeder circuit through said transformers to said loop circuit, one of said switches being provided for each of said transformers, and means responsive to the condition of one of said feeder circuits for'tripping'the switches associated with said feeder circuit.

of said feeder circuits having a plurality of said electrical transformers for each of said loop circuits, said loop circuits being electrically connected only through said-feeder circuits, and a plurality of switches for controlling the connection of said feeder circuits through said transformers to said loop circuits, one of said switches being provided for each of said transformers.

14. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary loop circuit for distributing electrical energy, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for supplyingelectrical energy to said loop circuit, a plurality of transformers for each of said feeder circuits for operatively connecting said feeder circuits to said loop circuit, the secondary windings of said'transformers being connected only through said loop circuit, said loop circuit being electrically r nected to said feeder cir- 15. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary loop circuit, a plurality of feeder circuits for energizing said loop circuit, energy source means for said feeder circuits, a switch for operatively connecting each of said feeder circuits to said loop circuit, means responsive to the condition of said distribution system when a fault occurs on one of said feeder circuits for sectionalizing said loop circuit adjacent said one feeder circuit to disconnect said one feeder circuit from portions of the loop circuit associated with the remaining feeder circuits, means for disconnecting said one feeder circuit from its source means, and means responsive to a deenergized condition of said one feeder circuit for opening the switch associated therewith.

16. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary loop circuit, a plurality of feeder circuits for energizing said loop circuit, energy source means for said feeder circuits, 9. switch for operatively connecting each of said feeder circuits to said loop circuit, means responsive to the condition of said distribution system when a fault occurs on one of said feeder circuits for sectionalizing said loop circuit adjacent said one feeder circuit to disconnect said one feeder circuit from portions of the loop circuit associated with the remaining feeder circuits, means for disconnecting said one feeder circuit from its source means, meansresponsive to a deenergized condition of said one feeder circuit for opening theswitch associated therewith, and means for restoring said loop circuit to its original condition after an operation of said sectionalizing means.

1'7. In an electrical distribution system, a

; secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for energizing said secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of transformers for coupling said primary feeder circuits to said secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of circuit breakers for controlling the connections of said transformers between said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit, each of said transformers being connected between one of said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit through a separate one of said circuit breakers, and each of said primary feeder circuits having a separate group of said transformers, sectionalizing means effective upon the occurrence of a fault on one of said feeder circuits for interrupting the connections through said secondary distribution circuit of the circuit breakers associated with said faulty feeder circuit to the remainder of said circuit breakers, and means effective only when an electrical quantity atone of said circuit breakers is below a predetermined value for tripping said one circuit breaker,

18. In an electrical distribut on system, a secondary d stribution circuit. a plurality of primary feeder circuits for energizing said secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of transformers for coupling said primary feederc rcuit to said secondary distribution circu t, a plurality of circuit breakers for controlling the connections of said transformers between said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit, each of said transformers being connected between one of said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit through a separate one of said circuit breakers, and each of said primary feeder circuits having a separate group of said transformers, sectionalizing means effective upon the occurrence of a fault on one of. said feeder circuits for interrupting the connections through said secondary distribution circuit of the circuit breakers associated with said faulty feeder circuit to the remainder of said circuit breakers, means effective only when an electrical quantity at one of said circuit breakers is below a predetermined value for tripping said one circuit breaker, and means effective after a time delay for restoring said secondary distribution circuit to its original condition following an operation of said sectionalizing means.

19. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for energizing said secondary dis- H tribution circuit, a plurality of transformers for coupling said primary feeder circuits to said sec-- ondary distribution circuit, a plurality of circuit breakers for controlling the connections ofsaid transformers between said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit, each of said transformers being connected between one of said" feeder circuits and said distribution circuit through a separate one of said circuit breakers, and each of said primary feeder circuits having a. separate group of said transformers, sectionalizing-means effective upon the occurrence of a fault on one of said feeder circuits for interrupting the connections through said secondary distribution circuit of -the circuit breakers associated with said faulty feeder circuit to the remainder of said circuit breakers, means effective only when an electrical quantity at one of said circuit breakers is below a predetermined value for tripping said one circuit breaker, means effective after a time delay for restoring said secondary distribution circuit to its original condition following an operation of said sectionalizing means, and means effective after a number of immediately successive operations of said sectionalizing means and restoring means for preventing furtheroperation of said restoring means.

20. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for tribution circuit, a plurality of transformers for coupling said primary feeder circuits to said secondary distribution circuit, a plurality "of circuit breakers for controlling the connections of said transformers between said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit, each of said transformers being connected between one of said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit through a separate one of said circuit breakers, and each of said primary feeder circuits having a separate group of said transformers, sectionalizing means effective upon the occurrence of a fault on one of said feeder circuits for interrupting the connections through said secondary distribution circuit of the circuit breakers associated with said faulty feeder circuit to the remainder of said circult breakers, means eflective only when an electrical quantity at one of said circuit breakers is below a predetermined value for tripping said one circuit breaker, and means effective after a time delay for restoring said secondary distribution circuit to its original condition following an operation of said sectionalizing'means, said restoring means being responsive to the presence of voltage in said secondary distribution circuit on energizing said secondary dissaid distribution circuit, each of said transformers being connected between one'of said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit through a separate one of said circuit breakers, and each of said primary feedericircuits having a separate group of said transformers, sectionalizing meanseifective upon the occurrence of a fault on one of said feeder circuits for interrupting the connections through said secondary distribution circuit of the circuit breakers associated with said faulty feeder circuit to the remainder of said circuit breakers, means effective only when an electrical quantity at one of said circuit breakers is below a predetermined value for tripping said onecircuit breaker, and means for reclosing said one circuit breaker responsive to the voltage of its associated feeder circuit.

22. In an electrical distribution system, a sec ondary distribution circuit, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for energizing said secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of transformers for coupling said primary feeder circuits to said secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of circuit breakers for controlling the connections of said transformers between said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit, each of said transformers being connected between one of said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit through a separate one of said circuit breakers, and each of said primary feeder circuits having a separate group of said transformers, sectionalizing means effective upon the occurrence of a fault on one of said feeder circuits for interrupting the connections through said secondary distribution circuit of the circuit breakers associated with said faulty feeder circuit to the remainder of said circuit breakers, means for reclosing said one circuit breaker responsive to the voltage of its associated feeder circuit, and means for rendering said reclosing means ineffective in response to incorrect phase conditions across the terminals of said one circuit breaker.

23. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for energizing said secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of transformers for coupling said primary feeder circuits to said secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of circuit breakers for controlling the connections of said transformers between said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit, each of said transformers being connected between one of said feeder circuits and said distribution circuit through a separate one of said circuit breakers, and each of said primary feeder circuits having a separate group of said transformers, sectionallzing means effective upon the occurrence of a fault on one 'of said feeder circuits for interrupting the connections through said secondary distribution circuit of the circuit breakers associated with said faulty feeder circuit to the remainder of said circuit breakers, means for reclosing said one circuit breaker responsive to the voltage of its associated feeder circuit, and means effective after a time delay for restoring ondary distribution circuit on either side of said interruption in the connections thereof.

24. In an electrical distribution system, a sec-- ondary distribution circuit, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for energizing said secondary distribution circuit, a plurality of transformers for coupling said primary feeder circuits to said secondary distribution circuit, and means for interrupting the electrical connection of one of said primary feeder circuits to the remainder of said primary feeder circuits comprising a plurality of sectionalizing circuit breakers for controlling the connections between portions of said secondary distribution circuit, only one of. said sectionalizing circuit breakers being located in each secondary distribution circuit connection between each transformer assocated with said one primary feeder circuit and each of the nearest transformers associated with the remainder of said primary feeder circuits.

25. In a distribution system, a secondary loop circuit, a plurality of groups of network trans formers having their secondary windings operatively connected directly to saidloop circuit, said groups being spaced successively about said loop circuit, a plurality of primary feeder circuits,

- each of said primary feeder circuits being opsaid loop circuit, and means effective only when current flowing through one of said switches is below a predetermined value for tripping said one switch, said loop circuit being connected to said feeder circuits for energization only through said network transformers.

26. In an electrical distribution system a secondary loop circuit, a plurality of network transformers for supplying energy to said loop circuit, said network transformers being operatively connected to said loop circuit at points substantially uniformly distributed about said loop circuit, the impedance of said loop circuit between any pair of adjacent points having a substantially common value, a plurality of switches for controlling the connection of said transformers to said loop circuit, means effective only when the resultant of the voltage available at one of said switches and the current flowing therethrough is below a predetermined value for tripping said one switch, and a plurality of feeder circuits for energizing said network transformers, each of said feeder circuits being connected to a group of said network transformers wherein adjacent network transformers of the group are separated by additional units of said network transformers equal in number to one less than the number of said feeder circuits, said loop circuit being connected to said feeder circuits for energization only through said network transformers.

27. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary loop circuit for distributing electrical energy, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for supplying electrical energy to said loop circuit, a plurality of transformers for each of said feeder circuits for operatively connecting said feeder circuits to said loop circuit, the secondary wind- 1 ings of said transformers being connected only through said loop circuit, a plurality of switches for controlling the connection of said transformers between their associated feeder circuits and said loop circuit, one of said switches being pro vided for each of said transformers, means responsive to the condition of one of said feeder circuits for tripping the switches associated with said feeder circuit, and means effective after a predetermined time delay for reclosing said switches, said loop circuit being connected to said feeder circuits for energization only through said transformers.

28. In a distribution system, a secondary loop circuit, a plurality of groups of network transformers having their secondary windings operatively connected directly to said loop circuit, said groups being spaced successively about said loop circuit, a plurality of primary feeder circuits, each of said primary feeder circuits being operatively connected for energizing a corresponding separate one of the network transformers in each of said groups, a plurality of switches for controlling the connection of said transformers between their associated feeder circuits and said loop circuit, means effective only when current flowing through one of said switches is below a predetermined value for tripping said one switch, and means responsive to the voltage of said feeder circuit and effective after a predetermined time. delay for reclosing said one switch, said loop circuit being connected .to said feeder circuits for energization only through said network .transformers.

29. In an electrical distribution system a secondary loop circuit, a plurality of network transformers for supplying energy to said loop circuit, said network transformers being operatively connected to said loop circuit at points substantially uniformly distributed about said loop circuit, the impedance of said loop circuit between any pair of adjacent points having a substantially common value, a plurality of switches for controlling the connection of saidtransformers to said loop circuit, means eifective only when the resultant of the voltage available at any one of said switches and the current flowing therethrough is below a predetermined value for trippingsaid oneswitch,means responsive to the voltage available at said one switch and effective after a first predetermined time for reclosing said one switch, said last-named means being adjusted to reset after an operation thereof within a second predetermined time, and a plurality of feeder circuits for energizing said net- I ,work transformers, each of said feeder circuits being connected to a group of said network transformers wherein adjacent network transformers of the group are separated by additional units of said network transformers equal in number to one less than the number of said feeder circuits, and a reclosing feeder circuit breaker for each of said feeder circuits, said feeder circuit breaker having a longer time delay between successive reclosures than said second predetermined time, said loop circuitbeing connected to said feeder circuits for energization only through said network transformers,

30. In an electrical distribution system, a secondary loop circuit for distributing electrical energy, a plurality of primary feeder circuits for supplying electrical energy to said loop circuit, a plurality of transformers for each of .said feeder circuits for operatively connecting said feeder circuits to said loop circuit, the secondary wind- 

